History of cryptorchidism increases the risk of which cancer?

• A. Prostate cancer
• B. Testicular cancer
• C. Bladder cancer
• D. Penile cancer

Answer: (B)

Undescended testis increases the risk of developing testicular cancer later in life, particularly germ cell tumors such as seminoma. The abnormal environment—higher temperature outside the scrotum—can lead to germ cell dysplasia and malignant transformation over time. The risk is higher if the testis remains undescended for a longer period and is greater with bilateral cryptorchidism. Orchiopexy can reduce risk somewhat but does not fully normalize it. The other cancers listed have different risk factors and are not linked to cryptorchidism, so the cancer most associated with a history of cryptorchidism is testicular cancer.